A very important auditing task for any production database is the ability to track changes to the powerful initialization parameters. Many of these parameters are "silver bullets", single parameters that have a profound impact on system-wide behavior. This is especially true for SQL optimizer changes.
A single change to an optimizer parameter might affect thousands of SQL statements, a disaster in a controlled production environment.
Auditing changes to init.ora parameters (via pfile or spfile) is an important DBA task. Sometimes, users having “alter system” privileges can make unauthorized changes to the initialization parameters in the spfile on a production database. Hence, auditing changes to parameters is a critical DBA task.
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